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The idea of "perfect imaging", that is a resolution less than the wavelength of light producing the image, was first proposed in the mid-19th century by famed Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. For the next 150 years, it was widely believed that such was impossible due to the fact that light diffracts around points that are the same size or smaller in wavelength. Then, in 2009, Ulf Leonhardt, of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, theoretically analyzed the phenomenon and demonstrated its focus was not restricted by the diffraction limit.

A research team at the Cedint Polytechnic University of Madrid used simulation to demonstrate Leonhardt’s proposal and prove that diffraction limits can be surpassed. The team proposed using a device to do this, which they called a spherical geodesic waveguide (SGW).

Using COMSOL Multiphysics and the RF Module, the research team was able to demonstrate that these SGWs could be manufactured for certain applications such as microwaves. Their next goal is to design a dielectric SGW that will work in the visible spectrum.