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Hi Elham,

In your case, the carbon has a very low conductivity, therefore 120V will only allow a current of 5e-6A, this won't heat up the object a lot.
What you need is a much higher current, say 1e-4A, that will need a voltage of around 2500 V. A voltage like that will heat it up about 100 degrees.

I noticed however two things that you can improve in your model:
1. Remove the PET from the current calculation. THis is done by adding a "heat transfer in solids" to your model, and assign it to the PET domain.
2. You conductivity values for silver and carbon are quite far apart. Very large differences are not a good idea in numerics. That you can do is lower the silver value to about 1e6 higher that the carbon. This will not change anything in your results, but is much more stable and faster.

Best regards,
Frank

Dear Frank
Thanks for your suggestions.
I change the electric potential into the normal current density with a value of 100 A/m^2 and got a difference in temperature of about 100 degree. However, this model must work with ordinary voltage/current applied to it. The silver is just used for electrical connection and it is the carbon film who must be heated up and radiated. First of all I tried to get the result, by convective heat flux and it seems that it works. You suggested to remove PET from calculation by adding a "heat transfer in solids" to its domain. Would you please explain what you mean, since PET is an thermal insulation?
Now, I changed the condition into radiation. However, the PET domain exists in "Electromagnetic Heat Source" since it is defined as electric and thermal insulation. You will find the file attached. Regarding the results I obtained, would you please let me know if the boundaries are well defined?

Best,
Elham

Dear Elham,

As you are not interested in the current flowing through the PET (there is hardly any), you can remove this from the computation. This is done by adding a "heat transfer in solids" condition and assigning it to the PET domain. It is then removed from the " joule heating" domain. It will still compute the temperature, but not the potential (V).

Regarding the current flowing, your total current is now in the order of 0.5 mA, that seems like an ordinary value. The fact that you need 12 kV for this is due to the isolating properties of your carbon.

Best regards,
Frank

note that switching to a direct solver improves convergence a lot.

Dear Frank

Thanks for your kind help.
I applied "heat transfer in solids" to the PET domain and get the result. Now, I would like to measure the temperature gradient from radiation of the carbon film surface. For this purpose, I added a vacuum box over the heating element but I am not sure that it is a right configuration since I don't know how I should measure the temperature gradient! Would you please advise me if you have any idea? I have attached the file.

Best,
Elham